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Page 35 of 977 Results 341 - 350 of 9762

P. Skvorova, M. Kulma, L. Kourimska
Influence of the effect rapeseed cake in feed on nutritional quality of Gryllus assimilis

Since 2003, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has recognized the potential use of edible insects for food and feed and has supporteda line of topics related to edible insects. Jamaican field crickets (Gryllus assimilis) belong among the most promising edible insect species for production as food or feed. Crickets are generally artificially reared on the dried substrates, when soybean is used as a major protein component. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of replacement of soybean meal by rapeseed meal, the by-product from oil production. The crickets were provided by dried "chicken feed based" substrate, when 25, 50, 75 and 100% of soybean meal was replaced by rapeseed meal. Although there was an increase in fat content at the expense of protein, the resulting fatty acid profile in crickets feed rappesed cakes showed a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids and an improvement in the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids. In conclusion, rapeseed cakes can be recommended as a possible alternative to soy feed for crickets. Dedications: This project was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic GAČR project No. 21- 47159L, Quality, safety and authenticity of insect protein-based food and feed products (INPROFF), by the METROFOOD-CZ research infrastructure project (MEYS Grant No: LM2023064) including access to its facilities and by National Resource for Agricultural Research (NAZV) project - QK23020101.

V. Poscente, G. Puzo, E. Pucci, L. Di Gregorio, A. Bevivino, C. Zoani
Chemical and microbiological approaches to assess tomato quality and safety

Tomato cultivation plays a central role in global fruit and vegetable production, providing consumers with a rich source of phytochemicals and health-beneficial nutrients. Food quality and safety represent the current duality that the food industry must address, ensuring that products contain significant amounts of nutrients and bioactive compounds, and comply the maximum allowable levels of chemical and biological contaminants. The overall quality and safety characterization of products is essential to ensure that they meet the required standards and regulations, ultimately safeguarding the health and satisfaction of consumers. Tomato fruit is a biologically dynamic matrix due to its metabolic activity and associated microbiota, and therefore fragile regarding integrity and hygiene. This study aimed to combine analytical and microbiological techniques for assessing tomato quality and safety. Solanum Lycopersicum, L. Ciliegino samples were characterised for the mineral nutrient profile and toxic and potentially toxic element content, as well as for the identification of microbial strains isolated from pulp and wash water. The elemental profile was determined by ICP-AES after microwave-assisted acid digestion. In parallel, culture-based methods were applied to carry out total viable epiphyte and endophyte counts during tomato shelf-life (15 days). Subsequent isolation and identification through DNA sequencing of the most represented colonies were performed to identify potential foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The results suggest that integrating chemical and microbiological methodologies is necessary to establish a comprehensive quality and safety profile, providing information on the presence and levels of nutrients and contaminants, as well as on the microbial community and its evolution during the shelf-life.

N.-D. M. Luong, N. Bemrah
Caliviz: the first user-friendly tool for visualizing French total diet study data

The French Total Diet Studies (TDS) conducted by ANSES aims to monitor the exposure of several population groups to hundreds of chemicals through their food consumption. The second edition of TDS pointed out for example a dozen substances (including dioxins, PCBs, acrylamide, lead and arsenic) for which a health risk due to food contamination could not be excluded. In order to inform consumers more comprehensively about this dietary exposure and to improve risk-based official controls of food by authorities, there was a need to explore easily the collected data for identifying potential problematic food/substances pairs. In this context, the Caliviz platform was developed as an open-access and open-source interactive tool to visualize all the published data from the French TDS. Designed as a multi-tab Web App, the Caliviz platform offers multiple features to access general or detailed information collected from the second TDS. Firstly, a glossary page provides an overview of the monitored chemical contaminants as well as the potential associated health risks. Two interactives tabs offer multiple visualizations for (i) the contamination level of the different user-defined substances in the different food products and food groups and (ii) the relative contributions of the food groups to the total exposure to each substance within the adult and children populations. The users have also the possibility to adapt these visualizations depending on the assumption to deal with left-censored data (lower-bound, middle-bound or upper-bound scenarios). Finally, the platform also includes download features to easily extract data subsets associated with one or several specific food products and/or chemical contaminants. Caliviz was developed as a generic and evolving platform, giving then possibilities to integrate other data for visualizations such as those from the new upcoming edition of the French TDS or the infant TDS assessing the exposure of children under 3 years. Available in French and English version, several additional features will also be implemented in the upcoming months, such as cartographies of the contamination levels or comparison with toxicological reference values.

D. Diamantidou, E. Tsochatzis, S. Kalogiannis, H. Gika, G. Theodoridis
Poly(ethylene terepthalate) oligomers: assessing their migration in foods and food simulants using an UHPLC-qTOF-HRMS method

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is among the most common food contact materials (FCMs). Concerns about the nonintentionally added chemicals (NIAS) present in FCMs that can arise during polymerization have grown over the past few years. Specific migration restrictions for PET cyclic oligomers, which are considered as NIAS, have not yet been established by EU legislation. However, due to the lack of toxicological knowledge, their impact on human health is still unclear. Additionally, in silico calculations and evaluation of the Toxicological Threshold of Concern (TTC) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) show that PET cyclic oligomers are Cramer III toxicity compounds, indicating a potential risk for human health. This study aims to investigate the migration of these species in common foodstuff, such as tap water and olive oil. For this purpose, an UHPLC-qTOF-HRMS was developed and validated. Due to the complexity of analysing edible oils, a QuEChERS clean-up was applied to facilitate oligomers' extraction, for the firts time in the literature. The method validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Calibration curves were constructed using fortified samples, and the limits of quantifications (LOQs) ranged from 10 to 50 µg L-1, while the recoveries ranged between 86.6 and 113%. Thereafter, the study evaluated the migration of PET oligomers from virgin and recycled PET FCMs into virgin olive oil (VOO), tap water and official food simulants. For this purpose, two procedures were performed and compared: 1) test conditions according to Commission Regulation EU No. 10/2011 [1] and 2) storage of VOO and water in household conditions. The results showed that after a year of storage in room temperature, there is no migration of oligomers in VOO samples or tap water. On the contrary, significant amounts of cyclic and linear PET oligomers were found in food simulants (95% ethanol and 20% ethanol) and in both types of tested PET bottles (virgin and recycled), withthe migration of PET cyclic trimer from recycled bottles being the most abundant. Our findings are in accordance with previous studies, which demonstrated that accelerated testing conditions strongly overestimate the migration under room temperature conditions [2,3].

S. Rekibi, A. Dehaut, T. Grard, G. Duflos
Quantification of organic plastic additives in plastics with (TD) Py-GC-HRMS

Plastics were revolutionary inventions that symbolized globalization and the interconnection of economies between countries in the second half of the 20th and the early of the 21st centuries. They are widely used in various industrial sectors including food packaging, construction, automotive, electronics, textiles, household items, and toys, with the current global production reaching over 370 million tons per year. These synthetic materials are made of an organic polymer matrix and chemical additives. In total, more than 10 000 additives were identified in plastics and over 2 400 are considered as substances of potential concern as they meet one or more of toxicity criteria in the European Union (toxicity for reproduction , bioaccumulation,...). These substances may leached during the plastic life cycle (to foodstuff, environment, etc), resulting in potential human exposure. Thus, the development of analytical methods capable of identifying and quantifying additives in plastics is necessary. It has been demonstrated that the thermal desorption method using a Pyrolysis coupled to GC-HRMS system can be a useful analytical tool for the rapid quantification of additives in polymer samples but method still need to be developed. For this study, additives of interest were first selected based on two main criteria: their toxicity according to the European Chemicals Agency and their migration limits set by EU Regulation No 10/2011. In total, 13 additives were selected (5 plasticizers, 6 flame retardants and 2 UV stabilizers). Then, a reflection was set up in order to consider how to evaluate the response function of additives in the context of solid-state sample direct analysis. It was chosen to develop reference material incorporating additives into a polymer matrix at specified concentration levels, to produce plastic films, using masterbatch. This process is aimed to ensure homogeneous dispersion of the additives in the polymer matrix. Finally, some preliminary analytical developments were carried out in order to perform future analyses, like acquisition of additives HRMS spectra, MS/MS patterns to select the optimum collision energies for each characteristic ion and the most abundant fragment resulting from fragmentation. A first application on solidstate plastic will be proposed.

H. Demaegdt, D. Morales, S. Ciano, E. Van Hoeck, K. Cheyns
Analysis of inorganic migrants from new alternatives for plastic food contact materials: a reason for concern?

Due to constant pressure from consumers and authorities to reduce fossil-based plastic, the food contact materials (FCM) industry is forced to develop alternative materials. While these alternative materials need to be environmentally friendly, they must also be safe for consumers. In this study, we aim to determine if and to what extent trace elements could be released from these alternative materials. In this study, 100 samples representing different materials were collected: paper analogues (bagasse, wheat), wood analogues (bamboo, palm leaves, coconut, straw, wheat), bioplastics, recycled plastics, silicones and textiles. Migration experiments were performed according to the EURL kitchenware guideline (JRC, 2021) using 3% acetic acid. Total trace element concentrations (Ag, Ti, Zn, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) in the simulant were measured with ICP-MS/MS (Agilent 8800). Additionally, a semi-quantitative scan was performed to detect other elements.The wood analogues like coconut, straw and wheat showed very little to no release of any of the seven target trace elements. The same is true for the samples made of recycled plastics, bioplastics and silicone. On the other hand, FCM made from bagasse, bamboo, or palm leaves did show the release of As, Cd or Pb, with Pb being the most recurring trace element. Almost all samples made from bagasse released Pb but still below the limit mentioned in Annex II of Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. Four out of 12 samples made from bamboo showed the release of Pb, with one sample exceeding the 10 µg/kg limit. The interpretation of the scans and textile FCM is currently ongoing. The use of alternative FCMs made from coconut, straw and wheat, bioplastics, recycled plastics and silicone does not raise any safety concerns regarding the targeted trace elements as they are unlikely to contaminate foodstuffs that come in contact with them. On the other hand, for FCM like bagasse, bamboo and palm leaves,the release of As, Cd or Pb was detected, with Pb release exceeding the limit of Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 in one sample.

Y. Nia, A. Hueber, A. Abdelrahim, A.-C. Boitelle, P. Bouchez, L. Bouhier, M. Cavaiuolo, A. Fatihi, F. Guillier, S. Messio, I. Mutel, N. Vingadassalon, J.-A. Hennekinne
What place for mass spectrometry to better elucidate Food poisoning outbreaks due to bacterial toxins.

Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPO) are caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) . To date, 33 SEs are described in the literature but only 5 classical toxins (SEA to SEE) can be routinely detectable via commercially available immunoassays (EN ISO 19020). Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approach is highly specific and allows the analysis of a wide range of toxins comparing with immunoassays. In this work, we propose to develop a Multiplex method by LC-MS for the detection of SEs produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains in culture supernatant and in food matrices. In food, detection of SEs is based on selective capture by antibodies and targeted high-resolution LC-HRMS. Briefly; samples were incubated with magnetic beads coated with toxin-specific antibodies. After toxin extraction, on-bead trypsin digestion was performed and recovered peptides were analyzed by LC-HRMS. This multiplex method was optimized for 8 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA to SEE and SEG, SEH and SEI) for which antibodies are available in the commerce or produced in CBRN project. In the culture supernatant contaminated by toxins produced by S.aureus, LC-HRMS method based on acid precipitation protocol was developed for the detection of 24 SEs. Thus, a database of 93 specific signature peptides and LC-HRMS parameters was optimized using sequences from 24 SEs genes, including their 162 variants. Both methods LC-HRMS were tested in case of naturally contaminated samples involved in food poisoning outbreaks and detection of emerging toxins produced in culture supernatant. Results demonstrated that this method was sensitive, specific and able to detect SEs in naturally contaminated food and gave a good agreement with the official method. The LC-HRMS method showed high performance in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy when applied to 49 enterotoxin-producing strains. SE concentrations measured depended on both SE type and the coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) strain. This study indicates that LC-HRMS is a relevant alternative and complementary tool to ELISA methods. The advantages of LC-HRMS clearly lie in both the multiplex analysis of a large number of SEs, and the automated analysis of a high number of samples.

M. Lambert, A. Daguin, G. Quéré, A. Ducrocq, G. Morin, A. Brisard, C. Inthavong, F. Gérault, G. Lavison-Bompard
Selective analysis of dithiocarbamates by classes: overview of the French working group project

Dithiocarbamates (DTC), a class of broad-spectrum fungicides, are among the most frequently detected pesticides in the European Union, often with Maximum Residue Level (MRL) exceedances, due to their extensive use over the past decades. DTC have a polymeric structure composed of one or more metallic cations coordinated to an organic ligand whose structure allow the classification of DTC into three main groups : propylene-bis-dithiocarbamates (i.e. propineb), ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates ( i.e.maneb, zineb, nabam, metiram, mancozeb) and dimethyl-dithiocarbamates (i.e. thiram, ziram, ferbam). DTC analyses are mostly based on the protocol of the European Reference Laboratory for Single Residue Methods (EURL-SRM, Stuttgart, Germany) which involves the acidic hydrolysis of DTC, resulting in the release of carbon disulfide (CS2) which is then quantified. However, this method has some limitations since i) naturally sulfur containing commodities (Brassicaceae, Alliaceae) or commodities subjected to sulfurization as preservative treatments may induce false-positive results or over-estimated results, and ii) this method does not allow the identification of the class of DTC involved in a positive result. In response to these limitations, some alternative methods, mostly based on the derivatization of DTC, have been published in the past few years. The French National Reference Laboratory for Single Residue Methods set up a working group at the end of 2021 with all the French official laboratories and the competent authority to assess the reliability of a methylation method (1) that should allow the quantification of DTC by classes. This method combines a decomplexation and a S-methylation step to a QuEChERS extraction, and the methylated DTC products corresponding to each of the three classes mentioned above are detected and quantified by reverse-phase LC-MS/MS analysis. The aim of this work is to investigate the critical points of the methods, from the preparation of the standards to the quantification approach, while optimizing the decomplexation/methylation steps, in order to deliver a reliable method available for controls and risk assessments studies, particularly in the actual MRL revisions context.

D. Hurtaud-Pessel, P. Couedor, A. Tollec, E. Verdon
Quantitative determination of NSAIDs residues in porcine muscle: Comparison of LCMS/MS and LC-HRMS measurement

To ensure food safety, European regulations require the monitoring of chemical contamination of foodstuffs of animal origin. This monitoring is based on a range of analytical methods capable of detecting, in particular, residues of veterinary treatment products, in order to implement national control plans. In this context, a method for monitoring Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in porcine muscle by LC-Mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of 22 target substances, including metabolites, at concentration in line with regulatory limits. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of chemically heterogeneous compounds, comprising organic acids and basic compounds. Some are authorized in food-producing animals (group B1(d) of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/1644 and some are unauthorized (Group B3(f)). So considering their different regulatory status, range of concentration for validation was considered either between 0.1 MRL to 2 MRL, either to 0.5 MMPR to 2 MMPR, resulting in levels ranging from 0.5 µg/kg (diclofenac) for the lowest to 1000 µg/kg (carprofene) for the highest. While detection by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is the most commonly used technology for quantitative trace measurements, high-resolution mass spectrometry, which is increasingly used in laboratories, also has real quantitative measurement capabilities. The proposed analytical method for confirmation of acidic and basic NSAIDs has been validated in accordance with the new (EU) 808/2021 Regulation, using both LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS detection on a TSQ Vantage Triple quadrupole mass spectrometrer and a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer respectively. The appropriate acquisition mode was applied for each instrument, namely MRM mode for TSQ and FS-PRM mode for Q-exactive. The extracts prepared for the validation phase were split in two portions to enable the same extracts to be analysed on both instruments, and to enable the results to be compared. Characterization of perfomances criteria such as trueness, precision, decision limit CCa, detection capability CCβ were assessed. The quantitative performances of both technologies were very similar. Results for porcine muscle will be presented and discussed.

I. Bendhiab, A. C. Dirtu, N. Marchond, T. Guérin, P. Jitaru
A novel analytical approach for the determination of ethylene-thiourea and propylenethiourea in vegetal foodstuffs by HPLC-ICP-MS/MS

Dithiocarbamates (DTC) are one of the most largely used fungicides in agriculture as they are cost-effective against a broad spectrum of fungi and plant diseases. DTC are highly instable and they tend to decompose in foodstuffs matrix into ethylene-thiourea (ETU) and propylene-thiourea (PTU). Currently, these contaminants are determined using organic-based mass spectrometry techniques (MS or MS/MS) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Due to the sulphur (S) moiety in their structure, they can also be determined using inorganic based MS techniques such as inductively coupled plasma-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQMS or ICP-MS/MS) coupled to HPLC. This study reports a novel approach allowing the simultaneous determination of ETU and PTU in fruits and vegetables by (reverse phase) HPLC coupled to ICP-MS/MS. A baseline HPLC separation of ETU and PTU was achieved in less than 5 min. A robust method validation by using the accuracy profile approach was performed by carrying out four measurement series in duplicate at six different levels over a timespan of four weeks (different days). The spike recovery factors range from 87%-101% for ETU and from 98-99% for PTU (depending on the spiking level). Good coefficients of variation in terms of repeatability and intermediate-reproducibility were also obtained. The limit of quantification was 0.022 µg kg-1 (wet weight) for ETU and 0.010 µg kg-1 (ww) for PTU. This approach was proved to be highly robust and suitable for the determination of ETU and PTU in foodstuffs of vegetal origin. In our knowledge, it is the first reported method in the literature to deal with the analysis of ETU and PTU from fruit and vegetable samples using ICP-MS based detection techniques. This novel approach opens also the possibility to apply species-specific isotope dilution, a primary method of analysis, for the determination of these organic contaminants

Page 35 of 977 Results 341 - 350 of 9762